浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素研究

为研究浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素,解决嫁接成活率低的问题,2013年6月从中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所引进浙江红花油茶优树穗条,在青田县大垟山林场开展浙江红花油茶高接换冠试验,分析砧木林郁闭度、坡位、砧木生长势及接穗保存时间等因素对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,林分郁闭度在0.3~0.7之间,随着郁闭度增加嫁接平均成活率提高;郁闭度在0.7~0.9之间,随着郁闭度增加,嫁接成活率降低;当郁闭度为0.7时,嫁接成活率最高为88.8%。山腰的嫁接成活率高达86%,显著高于山顶和山脚。浙江红花油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高。接穗于采集当天嫁接效果最好成活率达89.1%,接穗保存1、2、3、4、5、6天嫁接,成活率分别为85.2%、75.2%、51.6%、28.1%、12.2%、9.3%。偏相关分析表明,各因素对嫁接成活率影响由大到小依次为接穗保存时间(-0.97)、郁闭度(0.85)、生长势(0.81)、坡位(-0.65)。     

基于EDEM的猪粪接触参数标定

为准确快速获得畜禽粪便的接触参数,该研究通过物理堆积试验与仿真方法对猪粪接触参数进行了标定。测定了不同含水率下猪粪的堆积角,建立了含水率与堆积角的回归方程;基于Hertz-Mindlin with JKR球体粘结模型,进行了离散元仿真模拟;采用筛选试验设计(Plackett-BurmanDesign,P-BD)对10个初始参数进行了筛选,发现JKR(Johnso-Kendall-Roberts)表面能、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数对猪粪堆积角影响显著;并根据响应曲面试验设计(Box-BehnkenDesign,B-BD)建立了堆积角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,得到了3个显著性参数值分别为JKR表面能0.03J/m~2、颗粒间滚动摩擦系数0.27、颗粒间碰撞恢复系数0.54;将仿真所得堆积角与物理试验值进行对比验证,相对误差为4.27%。结果表明,该研究提出的标定方法能准确模拟物理堆积试验,可为畜禽粪便接触参数的标定提供参考。     

3个越橘品种叶片光合生理及果实品质的比较

以3个越橘品种‘奥尼尔’‘密斯梯’和‘北陆’为试验材料,比较光合生理特性和果实品质的差异。结果表明:越橘叶片为异面叶,角质层、上表皮和叶片厚度以‘密斯梯’最大,下表皮厚度以‘密斯梯’最小;‘密斯梯’光饱和点(LS,P)比‘奥尼尔’和‘北陆’高,补偿点(LC,P)比‘奥尼尔’和‘北陆’低,对光环境的适应性强;‘奥尼尔’和‘密斯梯’最大净光合速率(Pnmax)高于‘北陆’,光合潜力足;3个越橘品种单果质量由大到小依次为‘密斯梯’、‘奥尼尔’、‘北陆’;可溶性固形物和有机酸质量分数最高的是‘密斯梯’,维生素C质量分数最高的是‘奥尼尔’;单株产量由高到低依次为‘密斯梯’、‘奥尼尔’、‘北陆’。相关性分析表明:Pnmax与叶片厚度呈显著(P<0.05)正相关;LS,P与角质层厚度和上表皮厚度呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关;光合生理各项指标与果实品质存在一定的相关性。     

达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价

生态系统服务功能是生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用,对其服务价值进行货币化评价,可以推动自然资源可持续利用,促进区域生态环境保护。以达里诺尔湖湿地为研究对象,结合达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统的结构、特征及其生态过程特点,通过资料搜集与实地调研,运用资源经济学理论和方法,对达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值进行了划分。构建了达里诺尔湖湿地生态系统服务价值评价指标体系,并对其进行了价值评价。评价结果显示达里诺尔湖湿地的服务价值为93.70×10⁴万元,其中直接使用价值为2.19×10⁴万元,占比为2.36%,间接使用价值为91.51×10⁴万元,占比为97.66%。各项生态系统服务功能中以调节空气湿度价值最大,为82.76×10⁴万元,占总服务价值的88.32%。     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性及本构关系

为研究海南省海湾地区分布的有机质浸染砂水泥土的力学特性,该文首先对有机质浸染砂水泥土和标准砂水泥土进行无侧限抗压强度对比试验(采用配合比均为熟石灰掺入比7.5%、水泥掺入比20%、水灰比0.45),定量分析养护龄期对其无侧限抗压强度及试样破坏形式的影响。然后对有机质浸染砂水泥土进行单轴抗压试验,获得了水泥土材料的应力-应变全过程曲线、刚度变化规律以及改进邓肯-张本构模型。结果表明:1)有机质浸染砂水泥土试样的破坏类型为塑性剪切破坏和脆性剪切破坏;2)有机质浸染砂水泥土抗压强度随着养护龄期的增加基本呈指数形式增长,但在养护龄期14 d后,增长速度逐渐降低并趋于稳定;3)随着养护龄期增长,水泥土刚度增加。在加载初期,水泥土切线模量随着轴向应变增加而增大,呈现刚度硬化现象;4)基于单轴抗压试验得到应力-应变全过程曲线,可分为2个阶段:塑性阶段、软化阶段;5)通过对应力-应变全曲线的描述,得到了修正的邓肯-张模型,确定模型参数后,与实测数据对比发现,该修正模型可以模拟有机质浸染砂水泥土的应力-应变关系。     

基于GIS的湖南省滑坡灾害风险和损失评估

[目的] 评估湖南省滑坡发生的风险和损失等级，丰富湖南省滑坡防治理论及方法，为该地减少滑坡灾害提供科学依据。[方法] 基于GIS技术和层次分析法（AHP）以DEM、遥感、气象、岩性、地震点等数据为支撑，分别从危险性评价和易损性评价两方面对湖南省滑坡风险进行评估。[结果] ①湖南省滑坡风险等级大多处于中低风险等级，少部分为较高风险或高风险等级，中度风险等级最多，占全省面积的31.31%，其余依次为较低、较高、低和高风险等级，其比例分别是24.92%，22.09%，13.88%和7.79%；②从空间格局来看，风险性等级整体呈现出中部、东南高，西南、东北低的空间分布特征；③湖南省滑坡损失等级整体呈现出东高西低，局部不均匀的分布特征。[结论] 湖南省滑坡灾害的管理主要应从预防和整治两方面进行，依据各地区常见滑坡类型，制定有针对性的区域差异化防治预案。     

35 kV变压器油色谱异常事件分析

对一起35 kV变压器油色谱异常的检查与处理进行了介绍。一台35 kV变压器返厂大修投运后2年内,在周期性油色谱试验中发现该变压器本体油样中含有超量乙炔。对该变压器进行吊罩检查,发现变压器高压C相的调压线圈抽头引线与线圈抽头连接部位螺栓未完全紧固。对引线接头进行了处理,处理后油色谱试验合格,对故障原因进行了分析,保障了电网设备的安全稳定运行。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.